生物质转化碳在吸波材料中的应用与进展

Research Progress of Biomass-Derived Carbon in Microwave Absorbing Materials

摘要:

电磁辐射不仅对人类健康构成威胁，而且影响电子设备的正常运行，特别是来自电子设备的无用电磁波还会降低其性能。为应对这一问题，研发了多种微波吸收材料。由于生物质材料具有低成本、轻质、可再生、环保及易于获取的优点，因此受到广泛关注。其中，经碳化和活化处理的生物质材料（生物质转化碳）在微波吸收领域中表现突出，其不仅能有效降低电磁辐射，还能促进环保，创造更为生态友好的环境。生物质转化碳基材料的微波吸收能力与成分、微观结构和孔隙特性密切相关，因此对生物质转化碳基微波吸收材料的最新研究进展进行了综述，包括不同类型的生物质材料及其碳化和活化技术。为了进一步提升生物质转化碳基材料的微波吸收性能，提出了多种改进策略，如掺杂其他杂原子、与磁性材料或介电材料复合等。掺杂技术可增强材料的电磁损耗能力，而复合技术可进一步提升材料的吸波效果和稳定性。同时，还总结了生物质源碳基材料在电磁波吸收应用中的实际效果，探讨了其吸波机理及未来的发展方向。生物质转化碳基微波吸收材料在减少电磁污染方面具有良好的应用前景，结合理论和实验结果，未来有望推动轻量化、高效微波吸收材料的设计和应用，为相关领域的进一步研究提供了重要参考方向。（专精特新·电磁波吸收与屏蔽用新型材料的研究进展专辑十二之五）

Abstract:

Electromagnetic radiation poses a significant threat to both human health and the functionality of electronic devices， as the emission of unwanted electromagnetic waves from electronic devices can degrade performance. To tackle this challenge， scientists have developed various microwave-absorbing materials. Recently， biomass materials have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages， such as low cost， lightweight nature， renewability， environmentally friendliness， and availability. When carbonized and activated， biomass materials – referred to as biomass-derived carbon-exhibit excellent microwave absorption properties， closely tied to their composition， microstructure， and porosity. Studies show that using biomass-derived carbon-based materials in microwave absorption not only effectively reduces electromagnetic radiation but also promotes environmental sustainability， contributing to a more eco-friendly future. This review summaries the progress in the development of biomass-derived carbon-based microwave absorbing materials， highlighting different types of biomass-based materials and their carbonization and activation techniques. Researchers have employed a variety of strategies to enhance the microwave absorption performance of these materials， including doping with other heteroatoms and compositing with magnetic and dielectric materials. Doping improves the electromagnetic loss characteristics， while the composite technique further enhances wave-absorption efficiency and material stability. In conclusion， this article reviews the practical applications of biomass-derived carbon-based materials in electromagnetic wave absorption， explores their wave-absorbing mechanisms， and discusses future development prospects. Current research indicates that biomass-derived carbon-based microwave absorbing materials hold great potential for reducing electromagnetic pollution. The combination of theoretical predictions and experimental results is expected to drive the design and application of lightweight， high-performance microwave-absorbing materials， providing important directions for future research and innovation.