碳基气凝胶吸波材料的制备及其应用

Preparation of Carbon-Based Aerogel Wave-Absorbing Materials and Their Applications

摘要:

随着电子科学和信息技术的迅猛发展，电磁污染问题日益严峻，已成为全球亟待解决的问题之一。电磁波会对环境造成污染，以及对人体健康构成潜在威胁，因此学术界和工业界提出了多种应对策略。由于电磁波吸波材料能够有效吸收并消耗电磁能量，所以成为解决电磁污染问题的关键手段。碳基气凝胶作为一种新兴的纳米复合材料，具有三维多孔结构、超低密度、高比表面积和优异的导电性等特点，在电磁波吸收领域中展现了巨大的应用潜力。为此，详细介绍了碳基气凝胶吸波材料的多种制备方法，如冷冻干燥法、化学气相沉积法、真空浸渍法和金属离子辅助交联法等，并探讨了这些方法对材料性能的影响。同时，分析了碳基气凝胶在不同环境中的应用前景，如高温环境中的热稳定性、潮湿环境中的防潮能力、强电磁辐射环境下的吸波性能，以及腐蚀环境中的抗氧化性能。碳基气凝胶吸波材料在电磁波吸收、储能、建筑保温和电磁防护等多个领域中展现了重要的应用前景，其未来的研究方向应集中于通过功能化改性和结构优化进一步提升性能方面，以推动在更多高技术领域中的应用。（专精特新·电磁波吸收与屏蔽用新型材料的研究进展专辑十二之四）

Abstract:

With the rapid development of electronic science and information technology， the problem of electromagnetic pollution has become increasingly serious， and has become one of the urgent challenges to be solved globally. The potential risk of electromagnetic waves for the environment and human health has prompted academia and industry to propose a variety of coping strategies， among which electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials have become the key means to solve the electromagnetic pollution problem due to their ability to effectively absorb and consume electromagnetic energy. Carbon-based aerogel， as an emerging nanocomposite material， shows great potential in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption due to its three-dimensional porous structure， ultra-low density， high specific surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. This paper systematically introduces a variety of preparation methods for carbon-based aerogel wave-absorbing materials， including freeze-drying， chemical vapour deposition， vacuum impregnation and metal ion-assisted cross-linking， and explores the effects of these methods on the material properties. Meanwhile， this paper analyses the application prospects of carbon-based aerogels in different environments， such as thermal stability in high-temperature environments， moisture resistance in humid environments， wave-absorbing properties in strong electromagnetic radiation environments， and antioxidant properties in corrosive environments. Overall， carbon-based aerogel wave-absorbing materials show important application prospects in many fields such as electromagnetic wave absorption， energy storage， building thermal insulation and electromagnetic protection， etc. Future research will focus on further improving their performance through functionalization modification and structural optimization in order to promote their application in more high-tech fields.