纤维增强聚合物的纳米改性工艺及其电磁屏蔽效应与力学性能的研究进展

Research Progress on Nano Modification Process of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Electromagnetic Shielding Effect and Mechanical Properties

摘要:

随着无线连接和电子设备的迅速发展，电磁波污染日益成为公众关注的焦点之一。因此，对电磁干扰屏蔽材料的需求急剧增加，这种需求涵盖了从日常通信设备（如天线和基站）到军事领域（如雷达系统和电子战设备）的各个方面。为减少电磁辐射对周围环境和人体的影响，以及防止敌方的电磁侦测和干扰，开发具备优异力学性能和电磁屏蔽性能的材料显得尤为重要和迫切。纤维增强聚合物电磁屏蔽复合材料不仅具有高效的电磁屏蔽能力，还展现出优异的力学性能，能够满足恶劣环境下的应用需求。然而，目前的研究大多集中在非连续纤维增强聚合物基复合材料方面。为了开发出力学性能优异的连续增强结构材料，对电磁屏蔽材料的纳米改性工艺进行了总结，旨在提升连续纤维增强聚合物的电磁屏蔽性能。纳米改性工艺主要包括喷涂法、插层法、原位生长法和基体改性法。其中，喷涂法和插层法，以操作简单而得到广泛应用；原位生长法虽步骤较为复杂，却能在纤维表面及纤维间隙中填充纳米功能材料；而基体改性法是应用最为广泛的技 术，可使纳米功能材料与纤维增强聚合物（FRP）更深入结合。对纤维增强聚合物复合材料进行纳米改性 时，采用多元纳米填料的复合相较于单一填料，能显著平衡并提升复合材料的电磁屏蔽及力学性能。因 此，对于纳米改性工艺的优化，未来趋向于纳米功能填料的改性及多元填料的复合，通过插层法将现有已 成熟的纳米功能薄层与FRP复合，加大并完善对较厚连续纤维增强聚合物复合材料在电磁屏蔽领域的研 究，以获得结构功能一体化复合材料。（专精特新·电磁波吸收与屏蔽用新型材料的研究进展专辑十二之一）

Abstract:

With the rapid development of wireless connectivity and electronic devices， electromagnetic wave pollution has increasingly become one of the focuses of public attention. Therefore， the demand for electromagnetic interference shielding materials has soared. This demand spans various aspects， from daily communication devices （such as antennas and base stations） to military fields （such as radar systems and electronic warfare equipment）， aiming to reduce the impact of electromagnetic radiation on the surrounding environment and human health， as well as to prevent electromagnetic detection and interference from the enemy. Hence， the development of materials with excellent mechanical properties and electromagnetic shielding capabilities is particularly important and urgent. Fiber-reinforced polymer electromagnetic shielding composites not only exhibit efficient electromagnetic shielding capabilities but also demonstrate outstanding mechanical properties， meeting the application requirements in harsh environments. However， most current research focuses on discontinuous fiber-reinforced polymer-based composites， while relatively speaking， continuous reinforcement structural materials with superior mechanical properties have received less attention due to the imperfect and small-scale electromagnetic shielding modification process. This article reviews four main nano-modification processes aimed at enhancing the electromagnetic shielding performance of continuous fiber-reinforced polymers. Among them， spraying and intercalation methods are widely used due to their simple operation； while in-situ growth method， although having more complex steps， can fill nano-functional materials on the fiber surface and in the fiber gaps； matrix modification method is the most widely used technology， achieving a deeper integration of nano-functional materials with fiber-reinforced polymers. When nano-modifying fiber-reinforced polymer composites， using a composite of multiple nano-fillers can significantly balance and enhance the electromagnetic shielding and mechanical properties of the composites compared to a single filler. Therefore， for the optimization of nano-modification processes， the future trend is towards the modification of nano-functional fillers and the composite of multiple fillers， by intercalating existing mature nano-functional thin layers with FRP composites， enhancing and improving research on thicker continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the field of electromagnetic shielding， to obtain structural and functional integrated composites.