层状双金属氢氧化物的改性及其在电解水中的研究进展

Progress in the Modification of Layered Bimetallic Hydroxides and Electrolysis of Water

摘要:

随着环境污染和能源危机的日益严重，寻找清洁、高效、可持续的能源已成为一个紧迫的问题。近年来，氢能作为一种高能量密度的绿色能源备受瞩目。电解水技术因具有操作简单、效率高、环境污染小等优点，成为最引人关注的大规模制氢的方法。然而，电解水技术面临反应过电位高和反应动力学缓慢的问题，降低电解水反应所需电压是实现高效制氢的关键。贵金属（如铂、铱、钌等）作为阴阳两极的基准催化剂，在电解水过程中表现出优异的催化性能，但其稀缺性和高成本严重阻碍了电解水的工业化发展。因此，开发高效、廉价且储量丰富的非贵金属基阴阳两极催化剂，对电解水技术的发展具有重要意义。层状双金属氢氧化物（LDH）是具有层状结构的新型无机功能材料，因其具有组成易调节、制备难度低、反应表面较大等优点，在电催化分解水中发挥了重要的作用。然而，LDH也存在稳定性差、层状结构易卷曲及电催化反应机理不清等问题。为解决上述问题，对LDH的层状结构和电解水的机理进行了总结，重点探讨了LDH的改性方法，包括元素掺杂、构建异质结构和杂化工程等，同时阐述了改性方法在电解水中的应用。最后，对电解水催化剂未来的发展方向进行了展望。

Abstract:

Environmental pollution and energy crises are becoming increasingly severe， making the search for clean， efficient and sustainable energy sources a pressing concern. In recent years， hydrogen energy has gained significant attention as a green energy carrier with high energy density. Among various hydrogen production methods， water electrolysis has emerged as a promising approach for large-scale hydrogen generation due to its simplicity， high efficiency and minimal environmental impact. However， water electrolysis faces challenges such as high reaction overpotential and slow reaction kinetics. Reducing the required voltage for the water electrolysis process is crucial for achieving efficient hydrogen production. Currently， precious metals like platinum， iridium and ruthenium serve as benchmark catalysts for the cathode and anode in water electrolysis， offering excellent catalytic performance. However， their scarcity and high cost have significantly hindered the industrialization of water electrolysis. Therefore， developing efficient， cost-effective， and abundant non-precious metal-based catalysts for both the cathode and anode is vital for advancing water electrolysis technology. Layered bimetallic hydroxide （LDH） represent a new class of inorganic functional materials with a layered structure， known for their tunable composition， ease of preparation and large reactive surface area. LDHs play an important role in electrocatalytic decomposition of water， but they also face challenges such as poor stability， structural curling， and unclear electrocatalytic reaction mechanisms that require urgent resolution. This paper provides an overview of the layered structure of LDHs and the mechanism of water electrolysis， with a focus on the modification methods of LDH， including elemental doping， heterostructure construction and hybrid engineering. The application of these modifications in water electrolysis is discussed， and the future prospects for water electrolysis catalysts are explored.