储能用水系钠离子电池电极材料研究进展

Research Progress of Electrode Materials in Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage

摘要:

在全球能源日益加剧的背景下，开发与利用风能、太阳能、潮汐能等可再生能源成为当务之急。伴随绿色能源的迅猛发展，电化学储能技术中的二次电池，因其在储能领域中具有调节绿色能源电力输出的平稳性和稳定性而备受关注。其中，水系钠离子电池因具有资源丰富、高安全性、高离子电导率及制备工艺简便等优点，正逐渐成为未来储能系统中的重点研究方向。尽管水系钠离子电池的潜在优势显著，但其在实际运用中仍面临着诸多挑战（如循环稳定性不佳、可供选择的电极材料体系比较有限及电池容量较低等），这主要是因电极材料在水溶液中的电化学窗口过窄和化学稳定性不足，限制了电池的使用寿命，从而阻碍了其大规模应用。因此，优化现有电极材料及开发新型材料，成为提升水系钠离子电池性能的关键。简要概述了水系钠离子电池系统的特点，并对其正、负极材料的最新研究进展进行了详细的阐述，如材料的合成方法、结构设计、电化学性能及应用前景。同时，对水系钠离子电池的未来发展方向进行了展望。本研究旨在为新型电极材料的研发及水系钠离子电池技术的加快发展提供理论依据。

Abstract:

As the global energy crisis intensifies， the development and utilization of renewable energy sources such as wind， solar and tidal energy has become increasingly urgent. Thus， secondary batteries， as a key component of electrochemical energy storage technologies， are gaining prominence for their abilities to stabilize and ensure the smooth output of these green energy sources during their conversion into electric energy. Aqueous sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a focal point for future energy storage research， due to their advantages， including abundant raw material availability， high safety， fast ion-conductivity in aqueous electrolytes and straightforward assembly conditions. However， despite their promising potential， aqueous sodium-ion batteries face several challenges for the practical application， such as poor cycle stability， limited choices of electrode materials and low specific capacity. The narrow electrochemical stability window and poor chemical stability of the electrode material in aqueous electrolytes are the primary causes of these issues， which restrict the battery’s lifespan and practical use. Consequently， optimizing existing electrode materials and developing new materials are critical to advancing research in this area. This review provides an overview of the key features of aqueous sodium-ion batteries， and summarizes the latest research progress on both positive and negative electrode materials， including their synthesis methods， structural designs， electrochemical properties and application prospects. Finally， the future development trends of aqueous sodium-ion batteries are discussed， with the goal of offering theoretical guidance for the development of new electrode materials and accelerating the advancement of this technology.