生物质基分级多孔碳材料的制备及新能源领域应用研究进展

column:Current Progress in Preparation and New Energy Field Applications of Biomass-Based Hierarchically Porous Carbon Materials

摘要:

分级多孔碳材料（HPCs）具有不同尺寸的孔道结构，其中微孔提供大的比表面积和丰富的活性位点，而介孔和大孔为粒子传输提供所需的快速通道，在新能源领域中展现出卓越的应用潜力。目前，已开发的分级多孔碳材料种类很多，但是许多材料存在合成步骤繁琐、工艺复杂和原料或前体要求高等问题。因此，从科学和经济的角度来看，选取合适的碳源和简便绿色的制备方法对功能化多孔碳材料的合成尤为关键。生物质作为一种来源广泛、含碳丰富且可再生的资源，成为了制备分级多孔碳材料的理想前体。介绍了分级多孔碳材料的结构特征，综述了生物质基多孔碳材料的制备方法和原料种类。根据生物质原料自身具有的多样性，可设计多样化的孔结构，通过物理活化和化学活化提升多孔碳材料的比表面积和孔体积，并采用N₂物理吸附仪、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）及拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对材料结构进行表征。此外，综述了生物质基分级孔碳材料在超级电容器、锂离子电池等新能源领域中的应用前景，简述了多孔碳材料孔结构和比表面积在储氢及释氢中的影响，表明孔结构发达、比表面积更高的碳材料在实际应用中表现出更优异的性能。最后，展望了未来的研究方向，为后续高性能生物质基分级多孔碳的研究提供了指导。

Abstract:

Hierarchical porous carbons （HPCs） possess diverse pore structures with micro-pores providing a large specific surface area and abundant active sites， while mesopores and macropores serving as rapid pathways for particle transport， so HPCs demonstrated remarkable potential applications in fields such as new energy. There are many kinds of HPCs that have been developed， but most of them have complicated synthesis steps， complex process， and high requirements of feedstock materials or precursors. From the scientific and economic standpoints， selecting suitable carbon source and simple green preparation method is particularly critical for the synthesis of functional porous carbon materials. Biomass， as a widely available， carbon-rich， and renewable resource， becomes an ideal precursor for the preparation of HPCs. The structural characteristics of HPCs was introduced， the preparation methods of porous carbon and the types of biomass feedstock were reviewed. Due to the diversity of biomass feedstock materials， carbons with diversified pore structure can be designed. The specific surface area and pore volume of porous carbon materials can be improved through physical activation and chemical activation. The material structure was characterized by N₂ physical sorbent instrument， scanning electron microscope （SEM）， transmission electron microscope （TEM） and Raman spectrometer （Raman）. In addition， the application prospects of biomass-derived HPCs in new energy fields such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries were reviewed. The effects of pore structure and specific surface area of porous carbon materials on hydrogen storage and hydrogen release were briefly described. The results show that carbon materials with developed pore structure and higher specific surface area exhibited excellent performance in practical applications. Finally， the future research directions were proposed， which offered valuable guidance for subsequent studies on high-performance biomass-derived HPCs.