多孔材料润湿性设计与油水分离应用研究进展

Development in Wettability Design and Oil-Water Separation of Porous Materials

摘要:

清洁的水资源对人类社会生产发展至关重要，溢油事故和工业含油废水的排放等对水资源造成严重威胁，因此油水分离技术备受关注。传统的油水分离方法如生物处理、吸附、离心、气体浮选和原位燃烧等，存在程序复杂、能耗高、分离效率低等缺点，亟需开发更加环保高效的新方法。仿生材料的设计与制备是多功能材料的重要研究方向。受荷叶结构与功能启发，基于润湿性能调控的先进多孔材料的设计与开发已成为当前研究的热点之一，并在油水分离领域中展现出巨大的应用潜力。通过调控多孔材料的表面结构和化学状态，可实现对水相和油相的不同分离特性，进而选择性去除或者吸附水相或油相，甚至包括极其稳定的油包水或水包油乳液的分离。全面综述了多孔材料的制备方法，以及其在油水分离领域的最新研究与应用。重点介绍了疏水或超疏水/超亲油的多孔海绵、多孔棉织物、多孔木材、多孔泡沫、多孔气凝胶和多孔陶瓷等先进油水分离材料的制备方法和研究进展，旨在对功能性多孔材料的发展进行回顾和深入探讨，为多孔材料在油水分离方面的研究提供指导。总结了目前多孔材料研究存在的一些问题，探讨了该领域面临的挑战，并对其应用发展趋势进行了展望。

Abstract:

Clean water resources are vital to the productive development of human society， and oil spill accidents and industrial oily wastewater discharge make oil-water separation become a subject of concern. Traditional methods such as biological treatment， adsorption， centrifugation， gas flotation and in situ combustion have been used for oil-water separation. While these methods have complicated procedures and high energy consumption， the separation efficiency still needs to be further improved. In order to be widely applied， new strategies that are more environmentally friendly and efficient are urgently needed to overcome the drawbacks of the above traditional methods. Inspiration from nature has always promoted multifunctional surface design and development. Inspired by the Lotus Leaf， the design and development of porous materials based on advanced wettability has become one of the research hotspots， showing great potential in the field of oil-water separation. By controlling the surface structure and chemical state of the porous material， the material can exhibit different separation characteristics to the water phase and the oil phase， and then selectively remove or adsorb the water phase or the oil phase， including extremely stable water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions. In this paper， the preparation methods of porous materials and their recent research and application in the field of oil-water separation are reviewed. Methods and advances in the preparation of advanced separation materials such as porous sponges， porous cotton fabrics， porous wood， porous foams， porous aerogels， and porous ceramics based on hydrophobic or superhydrophobic/superoleophilic strategies are highlighted. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the development of functional porous materials and provide useful guidance for the research of porous materials. At last， the paper summarizes some problems in current research， discusses the challenges in this field， and looks forward to its application and development trend.